|
Just published!
Argumentation
Understanding and Shaping Arguments
seventh edition
James A. Herrick
Hope College
CONTENTS
For a detailed table of contents, please click on this text line.
BRIEF CONTENTS
Preface
PART I: GOALS, SKILLS, AND FUNCTIONS OF ARGUMENTATION
Chapter 1: An Introduction to Argumentation
Chapter 2: The Elements of Arguments
Chapter 3: Tools for Analyzing Arguments
PART II: THE CONDITIONS OF CONSTRUCTIVE ARGUMENTATION
Chapter 4: Ethical Advocates and the Rights of Audiences
Chapter 5: Reasonable Arguments, Reasonable People
PART III: SUPPORT: THE CONTENT OF ARGUMENTS
Chapter 6: Evaluating Evidence
Chapter 7: Locating and Evaluating Sources of Evidence
Chapter 8: Using Statistics as Evidence
Chapter 9: Using Testimony as Evidence
PART IV: VALIDITY: THE STRUCTURE OF ARGUMENTS
Chapter 10: Validity in Conditional and Enumeration Arguments
Chapter 11: Validity in Categorical Arguments
PART V: LINGUISTIC CONSISTENCY: LANGUAGE IN ARGUMENT
Chapter 12: Definition in Argument
Chapter 13: Ambiguity, Equivocation,
and Other Language Considerations
PART VI: TYPES AND TESTS OF ARGUMENTS
Chapter 14: Analogies, Examples, Metonymy, and Narratives
Chapter 15: Reasoning about Causes
Chapter 16: Moral and Practical Arguments
Chapter 17: Essential Nature Arguments
Chapter 18: Fallacies and Appeals
APPENDICES: DEVELOPING AND ADAPTING YOUR CASE
Appendix A: Policy Case Construction: The Structure of Debate
Appendix B: Adapting Arguments to an Audience
Glossary
Index
About the Author
CONTENTS (detailed)
Preface
PART I: GOALS, SKILLS, AND FUNCTIONS OF ARGUMENTATION
Chapter 1: An Introduction to Argumentation
Argumentation in a Democratic Society
Advocacy, Power, and Free Societies
Argumentation in a Pluralistic Culture
The Internet and Public Discourse
Goals of Studying Argument
What Arguments Do: Persuade, Justify, Discover
The Place of Values in Argument
Agreement and Cooperation in Argumentation
A Commitment to Ethical Advocacy
Chapter 2: The Elements of Arguments
Arguments: Conclusions and Their Reasons
Assertion vs. Argument
Identifying Reasons and Conclusions
Two Types of Reasons: Evidence and Connectives
Propositions of Fact, Value, and Policy
Propositions of Fact
Propositions of Value
Propositions of Policy
Chapter 3: Tools for Analyzing Arguments
When Arguments Are and Are Not Likely
When We Expect Arguments
When We Don’t Expect Arguments
Deductive and Inductive Arguments
Three Tools for Analyzing Arguments
Tool 1: Scanning
Tool 2: Standardizing
Tool 3: Diagramming
The Toulmin Model and the Hidden Elements of Arguments
Digital Public Discourse
PART II: THE CONDITIONS OF CONSTRUCTIVE ARGUMENTATION
Chapter 4: Ethical Advocates and the Rights of Audiences
Argumentation, Advocacy, and Ethics
Argument Ethics and Social Pluralism
Some Approaches to Argument Ethics
Virtues in Argumentation
The Rights of Audiences
The Public as Audience
Chapter 5: Reasonable Arguments, Reasonable People
Reasonable Arguments
Support
Validity
Linguistic Consistency
Reasonable People
Responding to Arguments
PART III: SUPPORT: THE CONTENT OF ARGUMENTS
Chapter 6: Evaluating Evidence
Evidence and Values
General Tests of Evidence
Accessibility: Is the Evidence Available?
Credibility: Is the Source of the Evidence Reliable?
Internal Consistency: Does the Evidence Contradict Itself?
External Consistency: Does the Evidence Contradict Other Evidence?
Recency: Is the Evidence Up to Date?
Relevance: Does the Evidence Bear on the Conclusion?
Adequacy: Is the Evidence Sufficient to Support Its Claim?
Recognizing Conspiracy Theories
Why Conspiracy Theories Gain a Following
The Risks of Conspiracy Theories
The Marks of Conspiracy Theories
Conspiracy Theories and the Tests of Evidence
Evaluating Visual Evidence
Interpreting Evidence
Interpreting for Clarity
Interpreting to Support a Conclusion
Chapter 7: Locating and Evaluating Sources of Evidence
Sources of Evidence
Periodicals
Books
Television
Interviews
The Internet
Podcasts
Ascertaining a Source’s Political Perspective
Chapter 8: Using Statistics as Evidence
Record-Keeping
Sampling and Generalization
Representativeness of Samples
Interpreting Statistics
Means, Modes, Medians, and Misleading Statistics
Interpreting for Prediction
Interpreting for Clarity and Impact
Chapter 9: Using Testimony as Evidence
Types of Testimony
Lay Testimony
Expert Testimony
Combining Testimony with Statistical Evidence
Biased, Reluctant, and Unbiased Testimony
Guidelines for Using Testimony as Evidence
PART IV: VALIDITY: THE STRUCTURE OF ARGUMENTS
Chapter 10: Validity in Conditional and Enumeration Arguments
Validity in Conditional Reasoning
Testing Validity in a Conditional Argument
Maintaining Consistent Wording
Negative Conditions
Necessary and Sufficient Conditions
The Argument from Direction: A Special Case of Conditional Reasoning
Validity in Enumerative Reasoning
Testing Validity in Enumeration Arguments
Testing the Enumerated Options
Disjunctives and Dilemmas
Chapter 11: Validity in Categorical Arguments
Terms and Their Distribution
Distribution in Other Types of Statements
Conversion
Categorical Arguments: Rules of Validity
Applying the Rules of Validity
Abbreviated Categorical Arguments
PART V: LINGUISTIC CONSISTENCY: LANGUAGE IN ARGUMENT
Chapter 12: Definition in Argument
Definition Reports: Defining for Clarity and Emphasis
Argumentative Definitions
Argumentative Definitions and Categorical Reasoning
Strategies of Definition
Euphemism
Reclassification
Labeling
Evaluating Definitions
Sources of Definitions
Common Usage
Etymology
Paradigm Case
Original Intent
Authority
Chapter 13: Ambiguity, Equivocation, and Other Language Considerations
Ambiguity
Equivocation
Other Language Considerations
Redundancy
Mixed Metaphor
Choosing the Wrong Word
Misusing a Common Expression
PART VI: TYPES AND TESTS OF ARGUMENTS
Chapter 14: Analogies, Examples, Metonymy, and Narratives
Analogies
Literal Analogies
Metaphors or Figurative Analogies
Arguments from Example
Metonymy
Narrative Arguments
Narrative Arguments: Pros and Cons
Protagonists, Values, and Worldviews
Testing Narrative Arguments
Chapter 15: Reasoning about Causes
Arguments Advancing Hypotheses
The Structure of Arguments Advancing Hypotheses
Developing a Hypothesis
Evaluating a Hypothesis
Arguments from Sign
Arguments for Cause by Analogy
Arguments for Cause by Enumeration
Arguments Generalizing about Cause
Reasoning from Correlation Alone
The Post Hoc Fallacy
Observational vs. Randomized Studies
Chapter 16: Moral and Practical Arguments
Pragmatic and Principle Arguments
Pragmatic Arguments
Arguments from Principle
Arguments from Quantity and Quality
Arguments from Quantity
Arguments from Quality
Chapter 17: Essential Nature Arguments
Genetic Arguments
Testing the Genetic Argument
Arguments from Intent
Testing the Argument from Intent
Arguments from Function
Testing the Argument from Function
Sources of Function
Person/Act Arguments
Testing the Person/Act Argument
Charging Inconsistency
Visual Arguments from Essential Nature
Evaluating Visual Arguments
Activism as Argument
Evaluating Activism
Chapter 18: Fallacies and Appeals
Fallacies
Fallacies of Faulty Assumption
Fallacies Directed to the Person
Fallacies of Case Presentation
Fallacies of Suggestion
Appeals
Appeals to Authority
Emotional Appeals
Reductio Ad Absurdum
APPENDICES: DEVELOPING AND ADAPTING YOUR CASE
Appendix A: Policy Case Construction: The Structure of Debate
Informing and Persuading
Presumption and Burden of Proof
Stock Issues
Sample Essay Analysis
Analysis of Introduction
Analysis of the Case for Need
Analysis of Policy Case
Appendix B: Adapting Arguments to an Audience
Demographic Analysis
Values Analysis
Dispositional Analysis
A Case Study in Audience Adaptation
Glossary
Index
About the Author
|
